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Index:
  CPU_ELAN(4)
  CPU_SOEKRIS(4)
  aac(4)
  acd(4)
  acpi(4)
  acpi_asus(4)
  acpi_panasonic(4)
  acpi_thermal(4)
  acpi_toshiba(4)
  acpi_video(4)
  ad(4)
  adv(4)
  adw(4)
  afd(4)
  agp(4)
  agpgart(4)
  aha(4)
  ahb(4)
  ahc(4)
  ahd(4)
  aic(4)
  aio(4)
  alpm(4)
  altq(4)
  amd(4)
  amdpm(4)
  amr(4)
  an(4)
  apm(4)
  ar(4)
  arcmsr(4)
  arl(4)
  arp(4)
  asr(4)
  ast(4)
  ata(4)
  atapicam(4)
  ath(4)
  ath_hal(4)
  atkbd(4)
  atkbdc(4)
  aue(4)
  awi(4)
  axe(4)
  bfe(4)
  bge(4)
  bktr(4)
  blackhole(4)
  bpf(4)
  bridge(4)
  brooktree(4)
  bt(4)
  cam(4)
  card(4)
  cardbus(4)
  carp(4)
  cbb(4)
  ccd(4)
  cd(4)
  cdce(4)
  ch(4)
  ciss(4)
  cm(4)
  cnw(4)
  cp(4)
  cpufreq(4)
  crypto(4)
  cryptodev(4)
  cs(4)
  ct(4)
  ctau(4)
  cue(4)
  cx(4)
  cy(4)
  da(4)
  dc(4)
  dcons(4)
  dcons_crom(4)
  ddb(4)
  de(4)
  devctl(4)
  digi(4)
  disc(4)
  divert(4)
  dpt(4)
  dummynet(4)
  ed(4)
  ef(4)
  ehci(4)
  el(4)
  em(4)
  en(4)
  ep(4)
  esp(4)
  ex(4)
  exca(4)
  faith(4)
  fast_ipsec(4)
  fatm(4)
  fd(4)
  fdc(4)
  fe(4)
  fea(4)
  firewire(4)
  fla(4)
  fpa(4)
  fwe(4)
  fwip(4)
  fwohci(4)
  fxp(4)
  gbde(4)
  gdb(4)
  gem(4)
  geom(4)
  gif(4)
  gre(4)
  gx(4)
  harp(4)
  hatm(4)
  hfa(4)
  hifn(4)
  hme(4)
  hptmv(4)
  i4b(4)
  i4bcapi(4)
  i4bctl(4)
  i4bing(4)
  i4bipr(4)
  i4bisppp(4)
  i4bq921(4)
  i4bq931(4)
  i4brbch(4)
  i4btel(4)
  i4btrc(4)
  iavc(4)
  ichsmb(4)
  ichwd(4)
  icmp(4)
  icmp6(4)
  ida(4)
  idt(4)
  ie(4)
  ieee80211(4)
  if_an(4)
  if_aue(4)
  if_awi(4)
  if_axe(4)
  if_bfe(4)
  if_bge(4)
  if_cue(4)
  if_dc(4)
  if_de(4)
  if_disc(4)
  if_ed(4)
  if_ef(4)
  if_em(4)
  if_en(4)
  if_faith(4)
  if_fatm(4)
  if_fwe(4)
  if_fwip(4)
  if_fxp(4)
  if_gem(4)
  if_gif(4)
  if_gre(4)
  if_gx(4)
  if_hatm(4)
  if_hme(4)
  if_idt(4)
  if_kue(4)
  if_lge(4)
  if_my(4)
  if_ndis(4)
  if_nge(4)
  if_oltr(4)
  if_patm(4)
  if_pcn(4)
  if_ppp(4)
  if_re(4)
  if_rl(4)
  if_rue(4)
  if_sbni(4)
  if_sbsh(4)
  if_sf(4)
  if_sis(4)
  if_sk(4)
  if_sl(4)
  if_sn(4)
  if_ste(4)
  if_stf(4)
  if_tap(4)
  if_ti(4)
  if_tl(4)
  if_tun(4)
  if_tx(4)
  if_txp(4)
  if_udav(4)
  if_vge(4)
  if_vlan(4)
  if_vr(4)
  if_wb(4)
  if_wi(4)
  if_xe(4)
  if_xl(4)
  ifmib(4)
  ifpi(4)
  ifpi2(4)
  ifpnp(4)
  ihfc(4)
  iic(4)
  iicbb(4)
  iicbus(4)
  iicsmb(4)
  iir(4)
  imm(4)
  inet(4)
  inet6(4)
  intpm(4)
  intro(4)
  io(4)
  ip(4)
  ip6(4)
  ipaccounting(4)
  ipacct(4)
  ipf(4)
  ipfirewall(4)
  ipfw(4)
  ipl(4)
  ipnat(4)
  ips(4)
  ipsec(4)
  isic(4)
  isp(4)
  ispfw(4)
  itjc(4)
  iwic(4)
  ixgb(4)
  joy(4)
  kame(4)
  keyboard(4)
  kld(4)
  kmem(4)
  ktr(4)
  kue(4)
  led(4)
  lge(4)
  linux(4)
  lnc(4)
  lo(4)
  longrun(4)
  loop(4)
  lp(4)
  lpbb(4)
  lpt(4)
  mac(4)
  mac_biba(4)
  mac_bsdextended(4)
  mac_ifoff(4)
  mac_lomac(4)
  mac_mls(4)
  mac_none(4)
  mac_partition(4)
  mac_portacl(4)
  mac_seeotheruids(4)
  mac_stub(4)
  mac_test(4)
  mcd(4)
  md(4)
  mem(4)
  meteor(4)
  miibus(4)
  mlx(4)
  mly(4)
  mouse(4)
  mpt(4)
  mse(4)
  mtio(4)
  multicast(4)
  my(4)
  natm(4)
  natmip(4)
  ncr(4)
  ncv(4)
  ndis(4)
  net(4)
  netgraph(4)
  netintro(4)
  networking(4)
  ng_UI(4)
  ng_async(4)
  ng_atm(4)
  ng_atmllc(4)
  ng_atmpif(4)
  ng_bluetooth(4)
  ng_bpf(4)
  ng_bridge(4)
  ng_bt3c(4)
  ng_btsocket(4)
  ng_ccatm(4)
  ng_cisco(4)
  ng_device(4)
  ng_echo(4)
  ng_eiface(4)
  ng_etf(4)
  ng_ether(4)
  ng_fec(4)
  ng_frame_relay(4)
  ng_gif(4)
  ng_gif_demux(4)
  ng_h4(4)
  ng_hci(4)
  ng_hole(4)
  ng_hub(4)
  ng_iface(4)
  ng_ip_input(4)
  ng_ksocket(4)
  ng_l2cap(4)
  ng_l2tp(4)
  ng_lmi(4)
  ng_mppc(4)
  ng_netflow(4)
  ng_one2many(4)
  ng_ppp(4)
  ng_pppoe(4)
  ng_pptpgre(4)
  ng_rfc1490(4)
  ng_socket(4)
  ng_split(4)
  ng_sppp(4)
  ng_sscfu(4)
  ng_sscop(4)
  ng_tee(4)
  ng_tty(4)
  ng_ubt(4)
  ng_uni(4)
  ng_vjc(4)
  ng_vlan(4)
  nge(4)
  nmdm(4)
  npx(4)
  nsp(4)
  null(4)
  ohci(4)
  oldcard(4)
  oltr(4)
  opie(4)
  orm(4)
  pae(4)
  pass(4)
  patm(4)
  pccard(4)
  pccbb(4)
  pcf(4)
  pci(4)
  pcic(4)
  pcm(4)
  pcn(4)
  pcvt(4)
  perfmon(4)
  pf(4)
  pflog(4)
  pfsync(4)
  pim(4)
  plip(4)
  pnp(4)
  pnpbios(4)
  polling(4)
  ppbus(4)
  ppc(4)
  ppi(4)
  ppp(4)
  psm(4)
  pst(4)
  pt(4)
  pty(4)
  puc(4)
  random(4)
  rawip(4)
  ray(4)
  rc(4)
  re(4)
  rl(4)
  rndtest(4)
  route(4)
  rp(4)
  rue(4)
  sa(4)
  sab(4)
  safe(4)
  sbni(4)
  sbp(4)
  sbp_targ(4)
  sbsh(4)
  sc(4)
  scbus(4)
  scd(4)
  sched_4bsd(4)
  sched_ule(4)
  screen(4)
  screensaver(4)
  scsi(4)
  sem(4)
  ses(4)
  sf(4)
  si(4)
  sio(4)
  sis(4)
  sk(4)
  skey(4)
  sl(4)
  smapi(4)
  smb(4)
  smbus(4)
  smp(4)
  sn(4)
  snc(4)
  snd(4)
  snd_ad1816(4)
  snd_als4000(4)
  snd_cmi(4)
  snd_cs4281(4)
  snd_csa(4)
  snd_ds1(4)
  snd_emu10k1(4)
  snd_es137x(4)
  snd_ess(4)
  snd_fm801(4)
  snd_gusc(4)
  snd_ich(4)
  snd_maestro(4)
  snd_maestro3(4)
  snd_neomagic(4)
  snd_sbc(4)
  snd_solo(4)
  snd_uaudio(4)
  snd_via8233(4)
  snd_via82c686(4)
  snd_vibes(4)
  snp(4)
  sound(4)
  speaker(4)
  spic(4)
  spkr(4)
  splash(4)
  sppp(4)
  sr(4)
  stderr(4)
  stdin(4)
  stdout(4)
  ste(4)
  stf(4)
  stg(4)
  streams(4)
  svr4(4)
  sym(4)
  syncache(4)
  syncer(4)
  syncookies(4)
  syscons(4)
  sysmouse(4)
  tap(4)
  targ(4)
  tcp(4)
  tdfx(4)
  termios(4)
  ti(4)
  tl(4)
  trm(4)
  ttcp(4)
  tty(4)
  tun(4)
  twa(4)
  twe(4)
  tx(4)
  txp(4)
  uart(4)
  ubsa(4)
  ubsec(4)
  ubser(4)
  ubtbcmfw(4)
  ucom(4)
  udav(4)
  udbp(4)
  udp(4)
  ufm(4)
  uftdi(4)
  ugen(4)
  uhci(4)
  uhid(4)
  uhidev(4)
  ukbd(4)
  ulpt(4)
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  umct(4)
  umodem(4)
  ums(4)
  unix(4)
  uplcom(4)
  urio(4)
  usb(4)
  uscanner(4)
  utopia(4)
  uvisor(4)
  uvscom(4)
  vga(4)
  vge(4)
  viapm(4)
  vinum(4)
  vinumdebug(4)
  vlan(4)
  vn(4)
  vpd(4)
  vpo(4)
  vr(4)
  vt(4)
  vx(4)
  watchdog(4)
  wb(4)
  wd(4)
  wdc(4)
  wi(4)
  witness(4)
  wl(4)
  wlan(4)
  worm(4)
  xe(4)
  xl(4)
  xpt(4)
  zero(4)

sa(4)

NAME

     sa -- SCSI Sequential Access device driver


SYNOPSIS

     device sa


DESCRIPTION

     The sa driver provides support for all SCSI devices of the sequential
     access class that are attached to the system through a supported SCSI
     Host Adapter.  The sequential access class includes tape and other linear
     access devices.

     A SCSI Host adapter must also be separately configured into the system
     before a SCSI sequential access device can be configured.


MOUNT SESSIONS

     The sa driver is based around the concept of a ``mount session'', which
     is defined as the period between the time that a tape is mounted, and the
     time when it is unmounted.  Any parameters set during a mount session
     remain in effect for the remainder of the session or until replaced.  The
     tape can be unmounted, bringing the session to a close in several ways.
     These include:

     1.   Closing a `rewind device', referred to as sub-mode 00 below.	An
	  example is /dev/sa0.

     2.   Using the MTOFFL ioctl(2) command, reachable through the `offline'
	  command of mt(1).

     It should be noted that tape devices are exclusive open devices, except
     in the case where a control mode device is opened.  In the latter case,
     exclusive access is only sought when needed (e.g., to set parameters).


SUB-MODES

     Bits 0 and 1 of the minor number are interpreted as `sub-modes'.  The
     sub-modes differ in the action taken when the device is closed:

     00    A close will rewind the device; if the tape has been written, then
	   a file mark will be written before the rewind is requested.	The
	   device is unmounted.

     01    A close will leave the tape mounted.  If the tape was written to, a
	   file mark will be written.  No other head positioning takes place.
	   Any further reads or writes will occur directly after the last
	   read, or the written file mark.

     10    A close will rewind the device.  If the tape has been written, then
	   a file mark will be written before the rewind is requested.	On
	   completion of the rewind an unload command will be issued.  The
	   device is unmounted.


BLOCKING MODES

     SCSI tapes may run in either `variable' or `fixed' block-size modes.
     Most QIC-type devices run in fixed block-size mode, where most nine-track
     tapes and many new cartridge formats allow variable block-size.  The dif-
     ference between the two is as follows:

     When reading a variable record/block from the tape, the head is logically
     considered to be immediately after the last item read, and before the
     next item after that.  If the next item is a file mark, but it was never
     read, then the next process to read will immediately hit the file mark
     and receive an end-of-file notification.

     Fixed block-size: Data written by the user is passed to the tape as a
     succession of fixed size blocks.  It may be contiguous in memory, but it
     is considered to be a series of independent blocks.  One may never write
     an amount of data that is not an exact multiple of the blocksize.	One
     may read and write the same data as a different set of records.  In other
     words, blocks that were written together may be read separately, and
     vice-versa.

     If one requests more blocks than remain in the file, the drive will
     encounter the file mark.  As there is some data to return (unless there
     were no records before the file mark), the read will succeed, returning
     that data.  The next read will return immediately with a value of 0.  (As
     above, if the file mark is never read, it remains for the next process to
     read if in no-rewind mode.)


FILE MARK HANDLING

     The handling of file marks on write is automatic.	If the user has writ-
     ten to the tape, and has not done a read since the last write, then a
     file mark will be written to the tape when the device is closed.  If a
     rewind is requested after a write, then the driver assumes that the last
     file on the tape has been written, and ensures that there are two file
     marks written to the tape.  The exception to this is that there seems to
     be a standard (which we follow, but don't understand why) that certain
     types of tape do not actually write two file marks to tape, but when
     read, report a `phantom' file mark when the last file is read.  These
     devices include the QIC family of devices.  (It might be that this set of
     devices is the same set as that of fixed block devices.  This has not
     been determined yet, and they are treated as separate behaviors by the
     driver at this time.)


IOCTLS

     The sa driver supports all of the ioctls of mtio(4).


FILES

     /dev/[n][e]sa[0-9]  general form:
     /dev/sa0		 Rewind on close
     /dev/nsa0		 No rewind on close
     /dev/esa0		 Eject on close (if capable)
     /dev/sa0.ctl	 Control mode device (to examine state while another
			 program is accessing the device, e.g.).


BUGS

     This driver lacks many of the hacks required to deal with older devices.
     Many older SCSI-1 devices may not work properly with this driver yet.

     Additionally, certain tapes (QIC tapes mostly) that were written under
     FreeBSD 2.X aren't automatically read correctly with this driver: you may
     need to explicitly set variable block mode or set to the blocksize that
     works best for your device in order to read tapes written under FreeBSD
     2.X.

     Fine grained density and compression mode support that is bound to spe-
     mt(1), scsi(4)


AUTHORS

     The sa driver was written for the CAM SCSI subsystem by Justin T. Gibbs
     and Kenneth Merry.  Many ideas were gleaned from the st device driver
     written and ported from Mach 2.5 by Julian Elischer.

     The current owner of record is Matthew Jacob who has suffered too many
     years of breaking tape drivers.

FreeBSD 5.4			 June 6, 1999			   FreeBSD 5.4

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